What are the most performed procedures in Gynecological Surgery?

Gynecological surgery is divided into several departments and we can deal with a large number of surgical operations according to the district where they are operated:

The most common surgical operations in the uterine appendices:

• The oophorectomy is the surgical removal of an ovary or both ovaries. The operation is also called a ovariectomy, but this term has traditionally been used in basic scientific research to describe the surgical removal of the ovaries in laboratory animals. The removal of the ovaries in women is the biological equivalent of castration in males; the term castration, however, today only occasionally used in medical literature to refer to ovariectomy in humans. In the veterinary sciences, complete removal of the ovaries, oviducts, uterine horns and uterus is called ovariohysterectomy and is a form of sterilization. It can be implemented both in the presence of benign and malignant diseases such as neoplasms of the ovaries.
• In medicine, the salpingo-oforectomy is the removal of an ovary and its corresponding fallopian tube.
• The fallopposcopy is the inspection of the fallopian tubes through a microendoscope. [2] The falloposcope is inserted into the tubes through its opening in the uterus at the proximal opening of the tubing through the utero-tubal junction; technically it could also be inserted at the time of abdominal surgery or laparoscopy. This is an examination that serves to understand the reasons behind a female infertility. The patient in question needs general anesthesia or conscious sedation throughout the procedure and is in a litotomy position.
• Salpingectomy is technically the removal by surgery of a fallopian tube. This procedure is sometimes preferred, compared to the ovarian counterpart that save the tuba due to the risk of an ectopic pregnancy. This procedure is irreversible, but is far more effective than a tubal ligation.
• Fallopian tube closure: this is a female sterilization technique. The procedure therefore provides for the closure of the fallopian tubes that connects the ovaries to the uterus, and they are the site where the ovum is fertilized by the spermatozoon. In fact, the ligation is literally preventing the migration of the ovule from the ovary into the tuba and from the opposite side, therefore causing the rise of the spermatozoa towards the tubes, thus preventing fertilization.
• Hysteroscopic sterilization is a less invasive practice of closing the fallopian tubes but in this sense is totally irreversible.

The most common surgical operations of the uterus and vagina:

• Hysterectomy: this is a surgical removal of the uterus. From the Latin, “ister” means in fact “uterus” while “ectomy” means removal. The intervention precludes the possibility of any kind of future pregnancy and the interruption of menstruation, so that the patient will go into menopause. During the operation, often within the uterus, the ovaries and fallopian tubes must also be removed. It is an intervention used most of the time in cases of diseases such as uterine prolapses, neoplasia of the female reproductive system, fibroids, endometriosis, tumor of the cervix, etc.
• Hysteroscopy: this term refers to the inspection of the uterine cavity through an endoscopy, accessing to it through the cervix. It therefore allows the diagnosis of intrauterine pathology and serves as a method for surgery.
• Endometrial biopsy: for endometrial biopsy we mean a procedure performed in a doctor’s office without the need to be sedated, either locally or generally. Biopsy (ie tissue removal) is done by inserting a speculum into the vagina to observe the cervix and a cannula is then introduced to aspirate the endometrial tissue which will then, be subjected to laboratory analysis to confirm or prevent other types of pathology.
• Endometrial ablation: this operation involves the breakdown of the superficial layer of the uterus called endometrium.
• Colposcopy: this is a more in-depth examination of the Pap test. It serves to analyze and study all the possible abnormalities of the cells of the uterine neck that may have been previously highlighted by the Pap test. A colposcopy is often recommended due to unspecified pelvic pain or abnormal vaginal bleeding.
• Colpectomy: the colpectomy is a surgical intervention that consists in the partial removal or in some cases the total removal of the vagina. It is necessary to resort to the colpectomy especially in cases of diseases such as genital prolapse, uterine prolapse or even when neoplasia is present in the female reproductive system.